Introduction To Android Ch. : 1 for BCA, MCA and Other IT Fields

Prepared By  : Uday Shah - HOD(IT)
Contact No   : 7600044051

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Ch: 1 Intro to Android

Q-1. What is an Android?

·       Android is an Operating System which is Develop for Smart Phone Application Mini Computers Etc.

·       It is one Kind Of Mobile OS Developed In 1996.

·       It is Also Known As Windows Pocket PC and Later On Use as a Blackberry OS and Android.

·       Now a Days Most Widely Use Platform to develop an application in a Mobile use Android.

·       Android is a Software with a Bunche of Packages and also some time Behave Like as a Middleware and Key Application.

·       Android Now a Day acquires by the Google in 2005 and then after number of update was released in their Original version of Android.

Q-2. Features of Android

Android is a powerful operating system competing with Apple 4GS and supports great features. Few of them are listed below

1.      Beautiful UI

             Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.

2.      Connectivity

             GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and        WiMAX.

3.      Storage

             SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

4.      Media support

             H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI,         Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.

5.      Messaging

             SMS and MMS

6.      Web browser

             Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8    JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

7.      Multi-touch

             Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero.

8.      Multi-tasking

             User can jump from one task to another and same time various application     can run simultaneously.

9.      Resizable widgets

             Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or      shrink them to save space.

10.    Multi-Language

             Supports single direction and bi-directional text.

11.    GCM

             Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short      message data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary         sync solution.

12.    Wi-Fi Direct

             A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer connection.

13     Android Beam

             A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by          touching two NFC-enabled phones together.

Q-2. The Open Handset Alliances

·       The open Handset Alliances is a Group of 84 technologies and Mobile Company.

·       Who have come to gather for Innovation in Mobile and also offer consumer to richer less expensive and better mobile experience.

·       Android is first completing open and free Mobile platform and they are committed to commercially deploy handset and services use the android platform.

Q-3. Explain Android Platform?

The Android Platform Is a Platform For Mobile Device.

That Use Modified Linux Kernel.

The Android Platform was originally introduced by the Open Handset Alliances in November 2007.

Most of the Application that runs on Android Platform is generally written in the java programming Language.

Actually there are no java virtual machine instead of java class it compile in to the compiler is known as dalvik virtual machine.

Programs are Executable and run on a dalvik virtual Machine.

To create an application for the Android Platform Developer Require Android SDK.

Android SDK include tools and API and also android developer typically integrated the SDK into the graphical user IDE.

API Level is an integer value that uniquely identifies the framework API revision offered by a version of the Android platform.

Platform Version	API Level	VERSION_CODE
Android 6.0	23	MARSHMALLOW
Android 5.1	22	LOLLIPOP
Android 5.0	21	LOLLIPOP
Android 4.4W	20	KITKAT
Android 4.4	19	KITKAT
Android 4.3	18	JELLY_BEAN
Android 4.2, 4.2.2	17	JELLY_BEAN
Android 4.1, 4.1.1	16	JELLY_BEAN
Android 4.0.3, 4.0.4	15	ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH
Android 4.0, 4.0.1, 4.0.2	14	ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH
Android 3.2	13	HONEYCOMB
Android 3.1.x	12	HONEYCOMB
Android 3.0.x	11	HONEYCOMB
Android 2.3.4 Android 2.3.3	10	GINGERBREAD
Android 2.3.2 Android 2.3.1 Android 2.3	9	GINGERBREAD
Android 2.2.x	8	FROYO
Android 2.1.x	7	ÉCLAIR
Android 2.0.1	6	ÉCLAIR
Android 2.0	5	ÉCLAIR
Android 1.6	4	DONUT
Android 1.5	3	CUPCAKE
Android 1.1	2	BASE
Android 1.0	1	BASE

Q-4. What is Android SDK?

Ans. Android SDK Means Android Software development Kit.

It is a Set of Development tools which is used to Develop Application for Android Platform.

The Android SDK include Following list of item.

1. Require Libraries
2. Debugger
3. An Emulator
4. Relevant Documentation
5. Android API
6. Sample source code Etc Used In Android SDK. 

Best Of Luck 

C Language Standard Library functions for BCA , BSc(IT) and PGDCA

Prepared By : Uday Shah - HOD (IT)
Contact No : 7600044051

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abs()

The C library function int abs(int x) returns the absolute value of int x. Following is the declaration for abs() function.

int abs(int x)

x  is the integral value. This function returns the absolute value of x.

atof()

The C library function double atof(const char *str) converts the string argument str to a floating-point number (type double). Following is the declaration for atof() function.

double atof(const char *str)

str  is the string having the representation of a floating-point number. This function returns the converted floating point number as a double value. If no valid conversion could be performed, it returns zero (0.0).

atol()

The C library function long int atol(const char *str) converts the string argument str to a long integer (type long int). Following is the declaration for atol() function.

long int atol(const char *str)

str  is the string containing the representation of an integral number. This function returns the converted integral number as a long int. If no valid conversion could be performed, it returns zero.

exit()

The C library function void exit(int status) terminates the calling process immediately. Following is the declaration for exit() function.

void exit(int status)

status  is the status value returned to the parent process. This function does not return any value.

free()

The C library function void free(void *ptr) deallocates the memory previously allocated by a call to calloc, malloc, or realloc. Following is the declaration for free() function.

void free(void *ptr)

ptr  is the pointer to a memory block previously allocated with malloc, calloc or realloc to be deallocated. If a null pointer is passed as argument, no action occurs. This function does not return any value.

rand()

The C library function int rand(void) returns a pseudo-random number in the range of 0 to RAND_MAX. RAND_MAX is a constant whose default value may vary between implementations but it is granted to be at least 32767. Following is the declaration for rand() function.

int rand(void)

This function returns an integer value between 0 and RAND_MAX.

Strtoul()

The C library function unsigned long int strtoul(const char *str, char **endptr, int base) function converts the initial part of the string in str to an unsigned long int value according to the given base, which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0. Following is the declaration for strtoul() function.

unsigned long int strtoul(const char *str, char **endptr, int base)

str  is the string containing the representation of an unsigned integral number. endptr  is the reference to an object of type char*, whose value is set by the function to the next character in str after the numerical value. base  is the base, which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0.

This function returns the converted integral number as a long int value. If no valid conversion could be performed, a zero value is returned.

srand()

The C library function void srand(unsigned int seed) seeds the random number generator used by the function rand. Following is the declaration for srand() function.

void srand(unsigned int seed)

seed  is an integer value to be used as seed by the pseudo-random number generator algorithm. This function does not return any value.

labs()

The C library function long int labs(long int x) returns the absolute value ofx. Following is the declaration for labs() function.

long int labs(long int x)

x  is the integral value. This function returns the absolute value of x.

qsort()

The C library function void qsort(void *base, size_t nitems, size_t size, int (*compar)(const void *, const void*)) sorts an array. Following is the declaration for qsort() function.

void qsort(void *base, size_t nitems, size_t size, int (*compar)(const void *, const void*))

base  is the pointer to the first element of the array to be sorted. nitems  is the number of elements in the array pointed by base size  is the size in bytes of each element in the array. compar  is the function that compares two elements. This function does not return any value.

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C Languge Miscellaneous Functions for BCA , BSc(IT) and PGDCA

Prepared By : Uday Shah - HOD (IT)

Contact No : 7600044051

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Delay()  

Delay in c: delay function is used to suspend execution of a program for a particular time.

Declaration :  void delay(unsigned int);

Here unsigned int is the number of milliseconds ( remember 1 second = 1000 milliseconds ). To use delay function in your program you should include the dos.h header file.

Clrscr()

It is a predefined function in "conio.h" (console input output header file) used to clear the console screen. It is a predefined function, by using this function we can clear the data from console (Monitor). Using of clrscr() is always optional but it should be place after variable or function declaration only.

isalpha

The C library function void isalpha(int c) checks if the passed character is alphabetic. ollowing is the declaration for isalpha() function.

int isalpha(int c);

c is the character to be checked. This function returns non-zero value if c is an alphabet, else it returns 0.

isalnum

The C library function void isalnum(int c) checks if the passed character is alphanumeric. Following is the declaration for isalnum() function.

int isalnum(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns non-zero value if c is a digit or a letter, else it returns 0.

isdigit

The C library function void isdigit(int c) checks if the passed character is a decimal digit character. Decimal digits are numbers − 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.

Following is the declaration for isdigit() function.

int isdigit(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns non-zero value if c is a digit, else it returns 0.

isgraph

The C library function void isgraph(int c) checks if the character has graphical representation. The characters with graphical representations are all those characters that can be printed except for whitespace characters like ' ', which is not considered asisgraph characters. Following is the declaration for isgraph() function.

int isgraph(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns non-zero value if c has a graphical representation as character, else it returns 0.

islower

The C library function int islower(int c) checks whether the passed character is a lowercase letter. Following is the declaration for islower() function.

int islower(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns a non-zero value(true) if c is a lowercase alphabetic letter else, zero (false).

isprint

The C library function int isprint(int c) checks whether the passed character is printable. A printable character is a character that is not a control character. Following is the declaration for isprint() function.

int isprint(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns a non-zero value(true) if c is a printable character else, zero (false).

isspace

The C library function int isspace(int c) checks whether the passed character is white-space.

Standard white-space characters are −

' '  space (SPC)

'\t' horizontal tab (TAB)

'\n' newline (LF)

'\v' vertical tab (VT)

'\f' feed (FF)

'\r' carriage return (CR)

Following is the declaration for isspace() function.

int isspace(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns a non-zero value(true) if c is a white-space character else, zero (false).

isupper

The C library function int isupper(int c) checks whether the passed character is uppercase letter. Following is the declaration for isupper() function.

int isupper(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns a non-zero value(true) if c is an uppercase alphabetic letter else, zero (false).

Toupper

The C library function int toupper(int c) converts lowercase letter to uppercase. Following is the declaration for toupper() function.

int toupper(int c);

c  is the letter to be converted to uppercase. This function returns uppercase equivalent to c, if such value exists, else c remains unchanged. The value is returned as an int value that can be implicitly casted to char.

tolower

The C library function int tolower(int c) converts a given letter to lowercase. Following is the declaration for tolower() function.

int tolower(int c);

c  is the letter to be converted to lowercase. This function returns lowercase equivalent to c, if such value exists, else c remains unchanged. The value is returned as an int value that can be implicitly casted to char.

Clearerr()

The C library function void clearerr(FILE *stream) clears the end-of-file and error indicators for the given stream. Following is the declaration for clearerr() function.

void clearerr(FILE *stream)

stream  is the pointer to a FILE object that identifies the stream.

Errno  

As such, C programming does not provide direct support for error handling but being a system programming language, it provides you access at lower level in the form of return values. Most of the C or even Unix function calls return -1 or NULL in case of any error and set an error code errno. It is set as a global variable and indicates an error occurred during any function call. You can find various error codes defined in <error.h> header file.

So a C programmer can check the returned values and can take appropriate action depending on the return value. It is a good practice, to set errno to 0 at the time of initializing a program. A value of 0 indicates that there is no error in the program.

The C programming language provides  perror()  and  strerror()  functions  which can be used to display the text message associated with errno.

Iscntrl

The C library function void iscntrl(int c) checks if the passed character is a control character.

According to standard ASCII character set, control characters are between ASCII codes. Specific compiler implementations for certain platforms may define additional control characters in the extended character set. Following is the declaration for iscntrl() function.

int iscntrl(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns non-zero value if c is a control character, else it returns 0.

isxdigit

The C library function int isxdigit(int c) checks whether the passed character is a hexadecimal digit. Following is the declaration for isxdigit() function.

int isxdigit(int c);

c  is the character to be checked. This function returns a non-zero value(true) if c is a hexadecimal digit else, zero (false).

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